Lung volumes and Surfactant
Respiratory rate: the number of breaths taken per minute.
The normal respiration rate for an adult at rest is 12 to 20 breaths per minute.
A rate under 12 or over 25 breaths per minute while resting is considered abnormal.
The tidal volume (TV), about 500 mL, is the amount of air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing.
The inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), about 3,100 mL, is the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.
The expiratory reserve volume (ERV), about 1,200 mL, is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.
Residual volume (RV), about 1,200 mL, is the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled.
Summing specific lung volumes produces the following lung capacities:
The total lung capacity (TLC), about 6,000 mL, is the maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs (TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV).
The vital capacity (VC), about 4,800 mL, is the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling (VC = TV + IRV + ERV = approximately 80 percent TLC). The value varies according to age and body size.
The inspiratory capacity (IC), about 3,600 mL, is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired (IC = TV + IRV).
The functional residual capacity (FRC), about 2,400 mL, is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration (FRC = RV + ERV).
Some of the air in the lungs does not participate in gas exchange. Such air is located in the anatomical dead space within bronchi and bronchioles—that is, outside the alveoli.
Mention the normal respiratory rate. What is surfactant and enumerate its functions.
Describe lung volumes with the aid of a diagram. (1+4+5=10)
